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Our Brain is Truly Wonderful!
Squint your eyes enough to see who are in this picture
There was an interesting article on PsychWorld last week. It points out how us humans, as intelligent creatures, have a pretty remarkable ability to recognize faces. But what would happen if the faces we see got obscured in some way? Like upside-down heads with inverted eyes and lips? How about if they were made into pixelized blocks, for instance? Would we still able to make out who might be depicted in those obscured images?These pixelized block portraits were inspired by Leon Harmon and Bela Julesz’s 1973 Lincoln Illusion. If I’m right, there should be no problem for you to recognize who are the famous people in the following images.Try squinting your eyes as much as you can, or look from afar if you need to. The only thing that might prevent you from recognizing the correct celebrity, is if you are not very familiar with American cultureI just can’t believe our brain’s ability to pick up a face from such intensively reduced images! When you think about it for a second, these images are consisted of just a few single-colored squares! Also, be sure to notice, how photos become almost sharp if you squint your eyes enough. Solution can be found at the end of the post.
O'Brian, Elvis Presey, Hillary Clinton, Mona Lisa, Einstine, Martin Luther King
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Effective Classified Advertising
Classified advertising is a form of online or offline advertising where similar good and services are grouped by category. Classified advertising provides the ability to reach an audience looking for what you are selling. Most classified advertising aims to get a direct response from a targeted audience although it can maintain a market presence and introduce products and services. Understand how to create effective classified advertising and you can generate more sales and a high return on your advertising investment. It should come as no surprise that I'm a big fan of classified ads. I am able to pull in a large volume of traffic for a wide variety of affiliate offers using low cost classified ads. For the purpose of this article I'm referring to BackPage online classifieds, but most of this information will hold true for other online and print classifieds as well.
Effective Ad Types
People get their news from so many sources these days that newspapers aren't as effective as they once were. This doesn't mean your newspaper ad won't be effective, but it does mean you need to plan your print ads more strategically. Some types of ads will be more effective than others. It will depend on your target audience, the type of products you offer and where the ad is seen.
Newspapers generally feature two types of ads. First, there is the classified ad or text ad, and then you have retail advertising or display ads. The display ad may be all text or include images and can be found throughout the publication. All of the following types of newspaper ads refer to display ads.
Business Card Ad - This type of ad basically says who and where you are, and what you sell. It may include your logo. Short and sweet, that's it. This could be a nice small ad that you run year round.
Coupon Ad - These are great for sales promotions to bring new customers to the store. By offering a certain dollar or percent amount off your merchandise, the coupon offer is also one of the easiest ads to track the effectiveness.
Sale Ad - Instead of offering a discount to a particular customer like the Coupon Ad, the Sale Ad invites the public into their store to receive a discount on a product, department or the entire store. Most retailers limit the extent of their newspaper advertising to the ad featuring a clearance or other markdown sale.
Spotlight Ad - This type of newspaper ad focuses the attention to a particular product, product line, staff member or customer of your business. This looks good as a larger display ad run just a few times each year.
Informational Ad - This ad could be written as a Q&A ad offering your professional advice on a topic your store covers. It could also be written in a journalistic style making it read like an article instead of an advertisement.
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Step by Step Guide on Postfix Mail Server with Virtual Users and Multiple Domains
Part 1: Install Postfix with Mysql Support and remove Sendmail
Installing of Postfix, Postfixadmin, Dovecot and Squirrelmail is not an easy task. There are some customization works you need to be done in order to get it works. I hope the following guide step by step instruction will be handy for you :)
My mail server system information:
hostname : example.centos.local
IP address: 192.168.139.128
Netmask : 255.255.255.0
Gateway : 192.168.139.2
There are 2 domains that I will setup for this guide. There are
domain name : abc.local
user mailbox : alex@abc.local
domain name : xyz.local
user mailbox : yasmin@xyz.local
The postfix admin login we will be using is post@example.local, where example.local will not be created in Postfixadmin's virtual domain. This is to show you that, the email system we setup later is solely running on Postfixadmin's virtual domain
Note:
- I am going to show you only setup a mail server that works within your local Lan. To sent a mail outside your organization, you must make sure you have a valid domain name, DNS and MX record is configure properly. You need to change the host file under /etc/hosts and check the /etc/nsswitch.conf to speed up the dns resolve.
- My system is current SELinux disabled. If you wish turn Postadmin on, please relocate your Postfixadmin into /usr/share
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#cat /etc/hosts Do not remove the following line, or various programs |
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# cat /etc/nsswitch.conf | grep hosts |
Step 0: Install prerequisite packages
If you cannot install the packages in one line, then try to install them one by one.
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yum -y install system-switch-mail, dovecot, squirrelmail, mysql-server, php-imap |
Step1: Backup the current Sendmail configuration
CentOS Linux default MTA is Sendmail. Since we are swtching to new MTA-Postfix. It is advisable to backup current sendmail config and bin to new location before we proceed.
First, I will create new folder call backup. Next, I backup all the files and record the sendmail path to a text.
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#mkdir /backup #touch /backup/sendmail.config.location.txt #which sendmail mailq newaliases > /backup/sendmail.config.location.txt #which sendmail mailq newaliases
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Step2 Add in CentosPlus repos for postfix
Postfix installation by CentOS default repo does not support mysql addon. We need to use the specified postfix that enable the mysql support. Also, we want to avoid any disruptive update on our customised postfix package, you need to add in exclude=postfix-* for base and updates repo.
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#vim /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo #additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages [base] |
Step5: Install postfix from centosplus repo
The default package of posftfix does not work with Virtual Domains and Virtual Users. If you have installed it earlier, you must remove it. Use "rpm -e" or "yum remove" to remove it.
If you are not install postfix yet, the run the following command will only download and install te postfix from centosplus.
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#yum install -y --enablerepo=centosplus postfix |
Step6: verify the postfix package installed
Now, let us check the packages information been installed. Good, that is the package that we need.
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#rpm -qa postfix # rpm -qi postfix Name : postfix Relocations: (not relocatable) |
Step7: verify the postfix package support the mysql
Before proceeding with the Postfix configuration, make sure that the postfix version you have has MySQL support. run postconf -m and verify that mysql appears in the list. If mysql isn’t there, uninstall postfix using yum. Then, download the centosplus repository again, and install manually.
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#postconf -m btree |
Step8 : Install system-switch-mail, mysql, system-switch-mail,dovecot, squirrelmail
Now, let us download all the packages we need.
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#yum -y install php-mysql php-imap, php-ldap, php-mbstring |
Step9: Switching default Sendmail to Postfix Linux mail system
The system-switch-mail tool is the Mail Transpot Agent Switcher that enable you to switch within various Mail Trainsport Agent that installed at your system. If your system is using Sendmail by default, we need switch to postfix.
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#system-switch-mail |
Step10: verify the setting of our new MTA
Before we proceed further configuration, lets us verify on the default MTA setting. Ifeverything is correct, you should see the highlighted text changed to sendmail.postfix
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#alternatives --display mta mta - status is manual. |
We also going to check if our mailq, sendmail and aliases has the correct configured with postfix
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#ls -l /etc/alternatives/mta-* lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 40 Mar 13 14:08 /etc/alternatives/mta-aliasesman -> /usr/share/man/man5/aliases.postfix.5.gz |
Step10: Remove Sendmail packages
My previous post suggest that although both mail server packages (Sendmail and Postfix) are compatible with each other. I strongly suggest you remove Sendmail packages to only allow one mail system in the sever. Due to CentOS Linux needs minimum one mail server installed. You must make sure that you installed Postfix first then remove Sendmail! Else, you will faced with some libraries dependencies issues.
To remove Sendmail packages, please use rpm -e command
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yum -y remove sendmail |
Part 2: Create Virtual User, Configure Postfix, Dovecot and Mysql
This is the Part2 of the Posft Mail System, we are going to configure the following:-
1. MySQL Server, create a postfixadmin database
2. Postfix Main.cf and create a virtual user file and virtual domain configuration files
3. Dovecot
Create Mysql Username, Password and Postfixadmin database
Step1: Start your mysql
Let us start up the mysql now. Also,we want the service to be auto-startup for whenever the system is under Level 3,4,5
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#service mysqld start #chkconfig mysqld on #chkconfig --list mysqld |
Step2: Create mysql root user password
First we need to create a password for our root access. I also perform a new test to ensure that no blank password is accepted.
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#mysqladmin -u root password 'your password' mysql -u root mysql -u root -p |
Step3: Create Postfixadmin database
Next,we create a database named postfix and the create a user called 'mail'. Then we will give full access rights for 'mail' on postfix database.
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mysql> CREATE DATABASE postfix; mysql> show databases; |
Create Postfixadmin User
Step1: Create a non-root user for postfixadmin
Let us create a non-root user for our postfixa & pop administration purposes.
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#useradd vmail -s /sbin/nologin |
Now, get a paper and write down the user id & group id of vmail.
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#id vmail |
Configure Postfix
Step1: Configure the postfix main.cf file
First modify the /etc/postfix/main.cf. We change the following lines
Note: Number in blue are line numbers. You can active it using :set nu under vi command mode
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Next, Add in the following lines, this will tell the system to look for postfix configuration, its virtual domains, virtual users and aliases.
The virtual_uid_maps : static:501. This 501 is the id of my vmail. Change this if you have diffrent id for your uid and gid.
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#vim /etc/postfix/main.cf virtual_mailbox_domains = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-domains.cf |
Step2: Configure the postfix mysql-domians.cf file
The following configuration will create mysql-domains.cf. This will enable postfixadmin to create virtual domain
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#vim /etc/postfix/mysql-domains.cf |
Step3: Configure the postfix mysql-users.cf file
The following configuration will create mysql-users.cf. This will enable postfixadmin create virtual users
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#vim /etc/postfix/mysql-users.cf host = localhost |
Step2: Configure the postfix mysql-alias.cf file
Great, the last part we should do now is to connect the postfixadmin to mysql
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#vim /etc/postfix/mysql-aliases.cf host = localhost user = mail password = <your-mysql-password-here> dbname = postfix table = alias select_field = goto where_field = address additional_conditions = and active = '1' |
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#service postfix start #chkconfig postfix on #chkconfig --level postfix |
Configuring Dovecot
Step 1 Check if the dovecot packages installed
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#rpm -qa dovecot dovecot-1.0.7-7.el5 |
Step 2 Create mysql config file for postfixadmin
Create the file /etc/dovecot-mysql.conf containing the lines below. You might need to change your username, password and db user.
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driver = mysql |
Now, This is very import part, many users including me :p that make mistake on the setting. First di a backup!
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cp /etc/dovecot.conf /etc/dovecot.ori |
Next edit the file /etc/dovecot.conf and change the value of the following keys below. For line 917 please make sure that your uid and gid is the same as your vmail user. Make sure you remove # sign for all the following lines. Also, comment out all passdb and userdb setting. Then, make a dovecot.log to ease any dovecot troubleshooting.
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61 log_path = /var/log/dovecot.log 721 auth_username_format = %Lu |
Step3 Start you dovecot services
Finally startup your dovecot services.
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#service dovecot start #service dovecot on |
Part 3: Postfixadmin Installation on CentOS Linux
Step1: Download and extract Postfixadmin
Current version postfix version is 2.3. For me, I always create a folder called 'software' and dump all extra packages inside.
Note: For your information, I have already turn off my SELinux. If you wish to implement SELinux, you can install posftadmin under /usr/share
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#mkdir /software #cd /software #wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/postfixadmin/postfixadmin/postfixadmin_2.3.tar.gz?use_mirror=nchc #tar -xvzf postfixadmin-2.3.tar.gz #mv postfixadmin-2.3 postfixadmin |
Step2: Configure postfixadmin configuration file
Make a original copy of the file /software/postfixadmin/config.inc.php before editing
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#cp /software/postfixadmin/config.inc.php /software/postfixadmin/config.inc.php.ori #vim /software/postfixadmin/config.inc.php |
Under /software/postfixadmin/config.inc.php, go to the following lines and modify in the following lines.
Note:
- pay attention to version of mysql you are you using
- numeric number in blue are line number. To ease your vi editing you can issue :set nu at vi command mode
- only cleartext password can be used.
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26 $CONF['configured'] = true; 49 $CONF['database_type'] = 'mysqli'; 145 $CONF['domain_path'] = 'YES'; |
Step3: creating apache aliase for Postfixadmin
In the following example we are creating an aliase for postfixadmin
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echo "Alias /postfixadmin /software/postfixadmin" > /etc/httpd/conf.d/postfixadmin.conf |
Step4: start up your apache services
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service httpd start chkconfig httpd on |
Step6: Check your postfix services
The postfix services should startup together with apache service if not try to start it
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service postfix status |
Step7: Initial setup Postfixadmin using web browser
Launching your web browser and type in the following address
http://your-ip-address-here/postfixadmin/setup.php
The Postfixadmin checker will run a series of checking and will attempt to create/update databasestructure. If any the check is fail, kindly check on the dependencies and install it via yum command. If everything is okay you will see the following appear at the bottom of the web browser.
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Step8: Insert the hash password
After you have put in your setup password, you will se the following screen, this are the hash key that we need to put in our /software/postfixadmin/config.inc.php file
Edit you config.inc.php
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vim /software/postfixadmin/config.inc.php. |
Remove line 31 #$CONF['setup_password'] = 'changeme';
Add in the has key generated by the setup process just now into $CONF['setup_password'] = 'your-own-hash-password';
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28 // In order to setup Postfixadmin, you MUST specify a hashed password here. |
Next, fill in the Setup password, Admin and Password. Finally, click Add Admin to create a new admin account.
you see the following information, "Admin has been added!", The you have sucessfully create a admin account.
Important! Remove the setup.php after the installed postfix
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cd /software/posftadmin mv setup.php setup.ori |
Now Go to the Postfix Admin login page at http://your-ip-address/postfixadmin/ login using your newly created admin account.
This is the main page that you after you login to the Postfixadmin. You are now ready to create virtual users and multiple domains.
Part 4: Linux WebMail - SquirrelMail Installation on CentOS Linux
Step1: Check if squirrelmail packages already install
First, you can check if squirrelmail already installed in your system.
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rpm -qi squirrelmail |
If you do not have squirelmail installed, please install now using yum command. Please make sure that you have internet connection.
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yum -y install squirrelmail |
Step2: configure squirrelmail packages
Now, we are ready to start configure our squirrelmail. Run the following command
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/usr/share/squirrelmail/config/conf.pl |
Next, you will see the following screen. We can start to configure the squirrelmail's server setting. Press <2> and press <Enter Button>.
Note: You can customize the squirrelmail to your organization preference such as logos, organization name etc. under Main Menu's option 1.
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SquirrelMail Configuration : Read: config.php (1.4.0) |
Next, press <1> to configure our domain name
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SquirrelMail Configuration : Read: config.php (1.4.0) |
Great! Next let us save the Squirrelmail Configuration. Press <s> to save and <q> to quit.
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SquirrelMail Configuration : Read: config.php (1.4.0) Exiting conf.pl. |
Step3: Check your configuration
Open your browser. Then enter the address http://your-ip-address/src/configtest.php. This will run a test on your squirrelmail configuration. For security concern, you might need to move the configtest.php to some other location after the installation. The example below shows the result page of the test
<
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SquirrelMail configtest This script will try to check some aspects of your SquirrelMail configuration and point you to errors whereever it can find them. You need to go run conf.pl in the config/ directory first before you run this script.
Checking PHP configuration... |
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Grow online business through search marketing
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- Step by Step Guide on Postfix Mail Server with Virtual Users and Multiple Domains